Forgiveness is excusing or pardoning others despite their slights, shortcomings, and errors.
As a theological term, forgiveness refers to God’s pardon of the sins of human beings.
Only the Bible teaches that God completely forgives sin (Ps. 51:1, 9; Is. 38:17; Heb. 10:17). The initiative comes from God (John 3:16; Col. 2:13) because God is ready to forgive (Luke 15:11-32). He is a God of grace and pardon (Neh. 9:17; Dan. 9:9).
Sin deserves divine punishment because it violates God’s holy character (Gen. 2:17; Rom. 1:18-32; 1 Pet. 1:16), but His pardon is gracious (Ps. 130:4; Rom. 5:6-8).
For God to forgive sin, two conditions are necessary. A life must be taken as a substitute for that of the sinner (Lev. 17:11, 14; Heb. 9:22), and the sinner must come to God’s sacrifice in a spirit of repentance and faith (Mark 1:4; Acts 10:43; James 5:15).
Forgiveness in the New Testament is directly linked to Christ (Acts 5:31; Col. 1:14), His sacrificial death on the cross (Rom. 4:24), and His resurrection (2 Cor. 5:15).
Christ was the morally perfect sacrifice (Rom. 8:3), the final and ultimate fulfilment of all Old Testament sacrifices (Heb. 9:11-10:18). Since He bore the law’s death penalty against sinners (Gal. 3:10-13), those who trust in His sacrifice are freed from that penalty.
By faith, not works, sinners are forgiven-“justified” in Paul’s terminology (Rom. 3:28; Gal. 3:8-9).
Those who are forgiven sin’s penalty also die to its controlling power in their lives (Rom. 6:1-23).
Christ’s resurrection was more than proof of His deity or innocence; it was related in a special way to His forgiveness.
Christ’s resurrection was an act by which God wiped out the false charges against Him; it was God’s declaration of the perfect righteousness of His Son, the last Adam, and of His acceptance of Christ’s sacrifice (1 Tim. 3:16).
Because He has been acquitted and declared righteous, this is also true for those whom He represents. Thus, Christ’s resurrection was necessary for forgiving human sin (1 Cor. 15:12-28). To be forgiven is to be identified with Christ in His crucifixion and resurrection.
Christ has the authority to forgive sins (Matt. 1:21; Heb. 9:11-10:18). This forgiveness is an essential part of the gospel message (Acts 2:38; 5:31).