I keep forgetting you’re a math guy, as well as @mitchellmckain.
I thought this article was fascinating and it seems to answer the questions posed above. I’ll leave that judgment to the more mathematically educated, so please weigh in. If you have any interest in the history of mathematics, the article is definitely a must read. For the rest of us, I’ll post some TL/DR screenshots as a half-baked summary.
(Okay, in hindsight I went nuts on the screenshots, but the article’s a freebie so cut me some slack.)