- "Cat* — Domestic cats are not mentioned in the Protestant Bible, but they are mentioned in Letter of Jeremiah verse 21. Cats were very familiar to the Ancient Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Ancient Greeks and Romans even before their conquest of Egypt, so it is likely they would have been familiar to the Ancient Hebrews, making their omission from the Bible unusual. Other members of the cat family are mentioned in the Bible, namely lions, leopards, and (questionably) tigers. צִיִּים֙ (ṣiyyîm), mentioned in Isaiah 34:14, is translated as “wildcats” in some newer translations of the Bible such as the CEV and NRSV, making this potentially the only mention of small cats in the Protestant Bible." [Source: List of animals in the Bible
- Practicing exorcism in schizophrenia:
Historically, many cases of demonic possession have masked major psychiatric disorder. Our aim is to increase awareness that symptoms of schizophrenia are still being classified as demonic possession by priests today.
We report the case of a 28-year-old patient who had been diagnosed 5 years previously with paranoid schizophrenia (treated with clozapine, risperidone, ziprasidone and onlanzapine without a complete response) and was also receiving treatment in a first episode psychosis unit in Spain. The patient was led to believe by priests that her psychotic symptoms were due to the presence of a demon. This was surprising because some of the priests were from the Madrid archdiocese and knew the clinical situation of the patient; however, they believed that she was suffering from demonic possession, and she underwent multiple exorcisms, disrupting response to clinical treatment.
Patient insight is an important factor in response to treatment, so religious professionals should encourage appropriate psychiatric treatment and learn about mental illnesses.
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Background
The peculiarity of this case is that the patient attributed her symptoms to a malignant spiritual experience, presenting little awareness of the extant disease. Also, the patient was led to believe that her psychotic symptoms were due to an evil presence by religious clerics from the Archdiocese in Madrid, Spain. She was given multiple exorcisms, disrupting clinical treatment response. The patient had persistent kinesthetic hallucinations despite receiving pharmacological treatment (high doses of risperidone, and previously received treatment with clozapine, olanzapine and ziprasidone and psychotherapy). We conclude that religious professionals should encourage appropriate psychiatric treatment and increase their knowledge of mental illnesses.
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Case presentation
This case report describes a single, 28-year-old woman who attended sessions of exorcism and spiritualism as she said she felt the presence of an ‘evil spirit’. The patient had schizophrenia and at the time was receiving treatment at a first episode psychosis unit after a psychotic episode a year before. She had attended daily Mass during the previous 6 months. The patient displayed partial insight, saying that half of her symptoms were due to the mental disorder and the other half were due to the presence of a spiritual being. At this point her only desire was to ‘remove all her symptoms’.
Some months later the patient contacted a clergyman via a website. The clergyman was a renowned expert on exorcisms and a frequent guest on TV programs on paranormal phenomena. During this period the patient received a total of eight sessions of exorcism, and described deeper sleep and feeling more restful.
Family members began to express distrust about the exorcisms because the patient shouted, writhed and occasionally vomited during the sessions. As a result they contacted therapists in the unit for an opinion on meetings with the priest. We were very concerned about the patient’s situation and also disappointed with the clerics’ reaction.
Given the unusual course of events and the fact that the patient’s mood had been markedly depressed since her parents and our unit had forbidden her to visit priests, we contacted an official institution in an effort to convince the patient that her symptoms were due to a mental disorder and not demonic possession, and to improve her insight into her mental disorder. We had previously explained the psychiatric diagnosis to the clergyman. Also we started antidepressive treatment with sertraline.
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Biographical history
When she was 22 years old, the patient began to hear voices during a trip to the Canary Islands. The patient reported feeling that on one occasion someone or something invisible pushed her down the stairs. She stated, “the spirit got inside… raped me more than once… I started to feel a presence that made me squirm in bed, vomiting and feeling sick….” These behaviours led to her first psychiatric admission, following which she remained in hospital on a voluntary basis, describing a pattern of kinesthetic hallucinations and delusional interpretations. Her diagnosis at discharge was paranoid schizophrenia, treated with risperidone (6 mg/day) and alprazolam (0.5 mg/day). After 1 month, she had another psychotic episode which was treated with risperidone (9 mg/day), olanzapine (10 mg/day) and lorazepam (3 mg/day). A year and a half later the patient was admitted for a third time to the acute unit after jumping from a railing in an airport in response to instructions from auditory hallucinations. During this period the patient was treated with clozapine (300 mg/day), alprazolam (0.5 mg/day) and lormetazepam (2 mg/day).
Her last admission to the acute unit occurred after cessation of antipsychotic medication and cannabis use, resulting in promiscuous behaviour. Her treatment at discharge was risperidone (12 mg/day), risperidone depot (50 mg/14 days), biperiden retard (8 mg/day) and lormetazepam (2 mg/day).