Question from a YEC: What explains sedimentary rock other than a worldwide flood?

Science rarely gets turned on its head and it mostly changes by becoming more accurate and more precise. It also tends to be self-correcting. So I’m afraid your “science changes” and “shifting sands” argument is a classic straw man and a pretty hollow one at that. On the other hand, flawed interpretations of scripture and bad exegesis have the opposite tendency, resisting correction and becoming worthy of characterization as a rut, a rut deep enough that those in it cannot see out of it and it becomes their entire reality.

That also applies to Biblical interpretations – they can be and are turned into idols, false representations of the true God and the truth that comes from the reality of his creation.

All science does is investigate physical reality, and where the interpretation of that reality appears to conflict with the interpretation of reality based on the Bible (which not so incidentally is concerned with spiritual truths, not scientific ones), one or the other, or both interpretations are in error.

This is a truth that comes from physical reality and cannot be discarded simply because of one’s misinterpretation of biblical reality:

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My feathers are not ruffled, but your framing is inappropriate here. Accepting that through science we have learned some things about the physical world does not mean that we are making science an idol. I see no reason to pretend we haven’t learned those things just because they conflict with a particular hermeneutic approach to the Bible. The Christian tradition, including the New Testament itself, allows for a broader and freer range of interpretations than you would permit. That’s entirely your choice, but your choice is not binding on other Christians.

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What a perfect verse to respond to some of the claims of YEC. Knowledge is not the problem, pride is. To put forth one’s interpretation of ancient scripture as being being equal to the inspired word of God is folly, whether YEC, ID, or EC.

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Every time I compare young-earth claims to the actual rock features, the young-earth claims do not turn out to be an accurate representation.

Whitmore’s conclusions are not true. Muscovite is typical of sand that is not too far from where it eroded out of rock. A desert is actually generally a better place than a beach to find muscovite in the sand, because many beaches have sand that has been washed around for very long periods of time. The beaches here on the east coast don’t have significant amounts of muscovite, for example.
Muscovite is flimsy and breaks up very easily; it is also vulnerable to chemical breakdown into clays. Deserts, being dry, have slower chemical change of minerals.

Many of the cross-bedding angles are consistent with deposition by wind, and incompatible with deposition by water. (Keep in mind that the occasional flash flood, etc. produces some water deposition in deserts, but wind deposition can’t happen underwater.)

Well-rounded sand grains are typical of beach settings. Deserts typically do not have well-rounded sands - wind is less efficient than water for rounding. Likewise, well-sorted is more typical of beaches than of deserts.

Dolomite forms in association with desert-type playa lakes as well as in coastal areas and through long-term alteration of calcite by pore water.

In other words, Dr. Whitmore’s claims are based on thoroughly misrepresenting the significance of the geological evidence.

The account of a worldwide flood in current creation science teaching is undoubtedly false, because it relies on misrepresentations rather than on a serious effort to honestly assess the geological evidence. The interpretation of Genesis as describing a global flood is almost certainly false, both because it does not fit well with our best understanding of ancient Near Eastern writing and because the geological evidence is strongly against it. Although our understanding of the text and of geology is imperfect, the support for current best understanding in both cases is strong, and a credible challenge must actually engage the evidence, rather than cranking out promotional videos and writing that only fool those who don’t know better.

Geology has extensively investigated the globe. There’s a lot of data and a lot that has been analyzed. While there actually is a lot still out there to analyze (Paraleptopecten is grinding through making descriptions of over 300 new species of fossil shell from one deposit in the Carolinas), accurately assessing the existing work is an essential part of good work. But young-earth claims dominantly take existing research and attack it, claiming that it is merely made up by anti-biblical old-earthers and evolutionists. Slander is not the way to produce good science. An honest young-earth approach has got to admit that in fact there is excellent reason to think that the earth is old, recognize weaknesses in the young-earth models, and reject bad arguments. Only then is there any hope of building a better young-earth model.

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“we must be careful to not change our understanding of scripture based on the shifting sands of current scientific fashions.” This is quite true. The young-earth approach reflects interpreting scripture based on the modernist fashion of treating science as the ultimate truth and claiming that one’s personal beliefs are scientific, rather than on a careful effort to develop the best possible understanding of the text and its meaning in the original linguistic, literary, and cultural setting.

Also, it is critical to distinguish between the latest “science headlines” and fashions from what is thoroughly established. Might tiny anomalies in physics experiments or puzzles in cosmology indicate that our current understanding of gravity needs some adjustment? Perhaps, but don’t get excited about a headline claiming “New challenge to gravity!”. However, the reality that gravity works is not something sensible to dismiss as scientific fashion. Setterfield’s attempt to dodge the fact that his bad claims about the speed of light would create problems with E=mc^2 by claiming that mass was smaller in the past in proportion to his imaginary faster light speeds would mean that everything had far less mass in the recent past. The patriarchs would have passed out from lack of oxygen as they drifted out into space from trying to take a step. No, that is ridiculous; gravity has not changed noticeably within the time for which we can find evidence.

" * All soil life would have died from the sea salt alone (Hmm…really? I like sea salt on my steak.)"

Do you like to be encased in salt? Salt spray kills many types of plants near the ocean. An animal “rescue” organization announced that they had freed a bunch of turtles from a lab and returned them to the ocean. They were freshwater turtles, and putting them in the ocean would have killed them. A saltwater flood would kill most freshwater life. A freshwater flood would kill most saltwater life. But the problem is more extreme, because there are many salt deposits around the world, of various ages. To make a salt deposit, you need to have something extremely salty, not just regular seawater. How does the Dead Sea get its name? Salt deposits are forming today where there’s an extra salt bit of water, such as at a sunny coast or some salt lakes. But in a global flood, the water is all mixed around the globe. Making salt deposits requires turning that whole flood into the Dead Sea. Yes, it would kill almost all aquatic life.

“* Sediment world wide…in the same order everywhere (Hmm…really? You’ve used a lot of shovels!)”

There are similarities and differences in the sediment patterns around the globe. But the similarities are similarities that we should see if global conditions are slowly changing over time - we see matching changes in types of fossils, in ocean chemistry, in climate, etc. around the world, and there are huge numbers of these changes, each one requiring a certain amount of time to complete. And there’s also the occasional weird layer such as from a major asteroid impact or volcanic eruption. Such layers ought to get mixed in with everything else under currently popular global flood models, but we see the layers existing and easily recognized. On the other hand, the varying patterns of regional differences over time as continents move also should not be visible in a global flood model where water is moving rapidly all around the globe.

“* Obviously that takes very long periods of time (Obviously! Right? Obviously!?)”

Yes, obviously. Observe how fast plates move, how fast sediment piles up, how fast rocks harden or erode, and you find that there’s a lot of geology that is very slow. Speeding it up has to have a cause that does not violate the laws of physics; “it happened faster during the flood” can’t just be a magic excuse for ignoring the evidence of vast age. Yes, miracles do happen. No, miracles are not just for convenience (e.g., turning the stones to bread). The idea that God miraculously covered up the evidence for a young earth and global flood to make everything look like He actually created it gradually over a vast period of time is not theologically sound. Miracles have the specific purpose of pointing to God, not removing the evidence.

“* Little erosion would take place as turbulence at depth is minimized (Yeah…I’m pretty sure about that too)”

Little erosion takes place in the deep oceans and deep lakes. Current global flood models would produce extreme erosion at all depths (if one ignores the fact that they would also melt the earth, which interferes with erosion.)

“* The only thing that explains the deep layers of sediment, is deep time (Yes…its the only thing! And very deep!)”

Yes, this is true. It was suspected by the late 1600’s and conclusively demonstrated by the mid-1770’s. All studies since then have increased the support for the need to have vast amounts of time to explain the appearance of the earth. No honest scientific arguments against an old earth have been found.

“* The Rocky mountains were at one time as high as the Himalaya’s (Yes!..I live here…took a selfie…higher than Everest!)”

Not correct. Although there are bits of ancient mountains from continent-continent collisions in the Rockies region, the present-day Rockies are pushed up by compression associated with the ocean-continent convergence, which doesn’t make as tall mountains as the Himalayas. The Appalachians would have been Himalaya-like in the Permian, though exact heights are not certain. We know that they were similar because they were shaped by similar conditions, as well as by the features of the rocks that we can observe today.

“* So just on my own property the geology refutes a global flood (Yes…and your property IS the source of truth!)”

It is a source of truth, because Genesis 1 tells us that God created humans with the responsibility to understand and care for the earth. Also, Genesis 1 tells us that there are no rival gods, rogue monsters, or uncontrolled forces out there - everything in nature is doing things the way God made them to. So we can use the evidence from a local patch of land, as well as the globe and beyond, to understand how creation works.

“* The Bible does not try to teach modern science (Indubitably! Modern Science knows all things! Bible old…SCIENCE NEW!)”

Modern science does not know all things, yet young-earth approaches claim that the Bible is better if we pretend that the Bible is modern science. The fact that modern science is new and the Bible is old confirms that the Bible is not modern science. The Bible does not teach us all things, despite misleading translations of a couple of verses out of context. How do I get from Charlotte to London? Look at a map and make use of what people have figured out about aerodynamics to be able to ride on an airplane. The Bible doesn’t tell us those things and doesn’t need to; we can work those out ourselves. What should I believe about God? What is ethical behavior? Those, we can’t figure out for ourselves and need help from revelation.

“* Sea level ingress and regress, yielding a continuous record both local and general (It’s all about the ingress/regress!)”

Yup, sea level does, and there’s very extensive geological records of it. And that doesn’t fit in a young-earth model.

“* There is nothing about a global flood that is (scientifically) documented. (Of course…unlike…Evil-lution!)”

Biological evolution by natural selection is very well-documented scientifically, as is the evidence against a global flood. Sadly, young-earth claims simply can’t be trusted. It’s like claims that Bigfoot just married a two-headed Elvis clone.

“* It’s not okay that you continue to work against God’s kingdom (No…not ok…I reject His words in Genesis…but that’s ok)”

Young earth models persistently reject God’s commands to be truthful. They do not carefully examine Genesis to find the best understanding. For example, claims to be caring about God’s creation clash with the frequent young-earth and ID support for anti-environmental false claims. Claiming that believing the Bible requires support for quite blatantly bad scientific claims does not advance God’s kingdom; instead, it’s a significant reason for people to abandon Christianity.

“* It’s their way of interpreting Scripture. Let’s not just deal with the symptoms. (Right! They read the Bible! Stop them!)”
Young-earth proof-texting routinely does not read the Bible carefully.

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I wonder if @cewoldt remembers this exchange with the late Glenn Morton from a couple of years ago:

This was great stuff:

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A good point to reinforce that “science changes” like “shifting sands” is a phony argument.

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I find that entire argument to be, well, wrong. ‘We shouldn’t let science dictate how we interpret scripture.’ Why not? We read Jesus saying, ‘I am the vine’ and we don’t take it literally – we don’t think Jesus had leaves. Why not? Because we know that human beings aren’t vines. We have to use our knowledge of the world to interpret the Bible or any other text, or else the words don’t mean anything. And as it happens, science is one of the ways that we know stuff about the world.

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The only other option is adopting “alternative facts”. :grimacing:

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There is a very good reason why cautions “not to make our science and discoveries into idols” don’t go down well with scientifically educated Christians.

Such a caution would be a good and important point if it were a warning not to spend so much time in the lab that we end up neglecting our churches, our prayer lives, our families, or our health. Unfortunately this is rarely if ever the case. Usually, when people tell us “not to make our science and discoveries into idols,” they are doing so in the service of promoting scientific falsehood and misinformation, or wilful ignorance and anti-intellectualism. In such cases, rustled feathers, offence and a sharp rebuke are only to be expected, and do not qualify as “persecution or opposition for being a Christian.”

The issue at stake in these discussions is making sure that your facts are straight. The reason why many young Christians stumble over evolution is not because of what the theory of evolution itself says, but because they learned that their church leaders were teaching them falsehood and misinformation about it.

Those of us who, as Christians, take science as seriously as we do, have very good reasons for doing so. Some of us have to understand science correctly in order to do our jobs. Some of us have suffered damage to our careers as a result of not taking science seriously. Some of us have seen our loved ones come to harm as a result of not taking science seriously. Many of us are aware of situations where getting science wrong has resulted in companies going out of business or people getting killed.

We are aware that science has rules, and that it requires rigorous standards of disciplined thinking and quality control. When we insist that the rules be followed and professional standards be maintained, which is basically all that we are doing when we respond to young earthism and evolution denial, accusations of “making our science and discoveries into idols” are basically a demand that we lower our standards to levels that quite rightly would not be tolerated in any science-based workplace.

This comment is untrue. Science does not change arbitrarily like shifting sands, nor is it driven by “current scientific fashions.” On the contrary, it only changes in disciplined, rigorous and carefully controlled ways and only when required by new evidence or new and improved techniques for analysing the evidence. To portray scientific knowledge as “shifting sands” is to express an ignorance of how science works, what scientists actually do, and what you need to do in order to challenge it.

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Or for that matter changes in inclination of coastal strata in response to cyclical earthquakes.

A friend working on his master’s in geology spent several summers in various kinds of boats examining coastal deposits along the central to northern Oregon coast. A regular occurrence was tilted deposits of strata that began as sediments that would have been deposited in level layers. Mapping these out, he showed how a great deal of the Oregon coast is made of huge blocks of rock (miles in extent) that after the fault offshore settle down to level, then over time as tension builds tilt as the blocks tilt. Due to the repetitive nature of these earthquakes (which can be as powerful as an 8.9) he could count backwards, and thanks to several stretches of coastline where numerous such strata are exposed he counted roughly twenty of these events, with an average separation in time of about six hundred years. Do the math: six hundred times twenty is twelve thousand years, so this one phenomenon on the Oregon coast blows YEC out of the water – there is no alternate explanation because the layers include organic-rich material that could only be deposited on a forest floor, buried in turn in gravel deposits and/or sand, then returning to forest floor, which means that the land in location where these were found rose above sea level and later dropped below, repeatedly.
Another thing he found that tells of the tiling of the land was buried tree stumps that were buried at an angle: different species of trees grow in specific ways so it’s possible to tell if the tree grew on the level or on a slope.

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Yes – and that’s why I can’t conclude that YEC is wrong: they treat the text as though it was written by someone’s great-grandfather in a journal of observations, and in English. But it’s ancient literature in an ancient language with ancient literary genres within ancient worldviews.

They in essence demand that God have inspired ancient writers to use a modern scientific materialist worldview, thus making the accounts basically incomprehensible to the original audiences, and by so doing they actually throw away the main message of various accounts.

I had no trouble with the ages of various formations in geology class because I’d already seen in the Hebrew text that there is no way to calculate the age of the Earth from the Old Testament.

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No one here does that.

Quite so.

I do conservation work in coastal dunes. One way we eliminate one aggressive invasive species is to dump sea water on them.

Historically that’s obvious: YEC emerged after scientific materialism became the modern western worldview.

And earthquakes.

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This has become obvious to nearly everyone outside of YEC. They attempt to refute this in a gambit to establish a “philosophical lineage” to get back to Christ at least. Their strategy for this is to point out that the apostles and Jesus himself didn’t believe in any history stretching back more than the few thousands of years, so therefore Jesus & Co must have all been YEC. Or so their logic runs. But this is like a modern Luddite claiming that Jesus and Paul were also Luddites. Because none of them ever consented to own a computer or even so much as a calculator. So … naturally … Jesus was a Luddite, right? And the spirit of ‘Ludditism’ has as much claim to support by including Christ in its fold as YECism does.

[Actually … the ‘Ludditism’ appeal would carry even more weight than YEC because, unlike YEC, at least Ludditism wouldn’t be forced to distort and re-interpret scriptures and reject so many of the ancient ways of understanding sacred writ the way YECism is forced to do.]

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This is a false comparison. Our understanding of the natural world changes, so does our understanding of Scripture.

If we allow independent historical records, then we can get it to be >4,000 years (working backwards from the falls of Samaria and Jerusalem to Abraham living c. 1800 BC).

Love this stuff. Not a researcher, but I happen to live next to a mountain that’s a great example of sedimentary rock formation and the age of the earth.

Sandia Crest is a “fault block” mountain. When the Rio Grande Rift began to sink, pressure along the fault line boundaries caused the Sandia Mts to lift like a trap door on a hinge. The underlying granite plutons (bodies of cooled magma) fractured and pushed the sedimentary layers above it higher and higher. The top of Sandia Crest is a series of alternating deposits of sandstone, limestone and shale that reflect the area’s ancient transitions between shallow sea, shoreline and desert.

From my deck (Larry David would be crusading against that pole and wires!)

Sandia Crest (not my pic)

Here’s where it gets fun and YEC has zero explanatory power.

The layers at the top have fossilized brachiopods, crinoids, corals and bryozoans. All of these are small sea creatures but easy to spot in rocks along the hiking trails at the crest. The youngest of these layers dates to about 320 million years ago, when the supercontinent Pangea was still intact.

Now the fun starts. The Sandias are young mountains, formed between 5-10 million years ago. Why are the sedimentary rocks on top so much older than that? At least 300 million years of sediments are missing. Where did they go, if they ever existed at all?

The answer is pretty cool. Remember that the Sandias are a “fault block” mountain chain that lifted like a trap door on a hinge. Imagine a tall wedding cake with multiple layers of cake (limestone) alternating with slippery icing (sandstone and shale). Suppose the waiter cuts the entire cake in half and lifts it at an angle to take a picture for the internet. What happens next? The top half of the cake slides onto the floor and the TikTok goes viral.

That’s exactly what happened to Sandia Crest. Well, minus the TikTok. (Were you there?!) The top layers of sedimentary rocks from the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods (with their accompanying fossils) slid down the slope and landed in a pile at the bottom of the mountain to the east.

Mystery solved!

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But that’s all we can do – beyond that it’s not even really history.

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Hebrew was a spoken language long before it was a written language. The earliest alphabetic scripts, as opposed to cuneiform or hieroglyphics, were the Proto-Sinaitic and the Ugaritic alphabets around 1500 BC. The oldest known inscription in Proto-Hebrew (Old Hebrew) dates around 1000 BC, which is roughly the beginning of the monarchy (David), court prophets (Samuel to Isaiah and beyond), and the permanent priesthood (first temple).

An interesting sidenote is that cuneiform was the international language of trade and diplomacy (mammon and empire) for several thousand years, even when the language itself was dead and no longer spoken. (Like Latin for medieval European scholars.) Alphabetic scripts were invented to write local business contracts, political propaganda and religious traditions. There’s a really interesting article about Babel buried in there that I’ll get around to writing one day.

Anyway, the bottom line for me is that the closer to 1000 BC the Hebrew Bible gets, the more “historically reliable” it gets. (Taking also into account that ancient authors had a different concept of history than we do.) Conservatively, Abraham lived 800 years before his story could be written down. How historically reliable should we consider those records, especially when it comes down to word-for-word records of conversations? Did God dictate Genesis 12- through Judges word-for-word?

Extrapolate from there.

Edit: A good source

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A final footnote just to say science doesn’t pretend to have solved every mystery. Between the granite core and the sedimentary rocks on top of Sandia Crest, a billion years of geological history from the Late Precambrian to the Middle Paleozoic are missing (the Great Unconformity).

What happened during that time, and what wiped the record? Who knows?

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