ok glipsnort. lets continue. great, so the chance is 1\3 against the claim that this is the result of random mutations. but i think there is more to add. we need to combine this with the chance that the closest species to primate (that have a pseudo-gulo) is also the one that have the most similar exon loss. so if we know about 5 species that have a pseudogulo the chance is now about one in 1/3*1/5. or about 2%. its very unlikely from a chance prespective.