Divine causality

Physical no. God is spirit.

This is one take:

“The origin of human beings is not simply from the waters on the earth like the plants, fishes/birds, and animals; it is “in our image, according to our likeness.” The human is a statue of the deity, not by static being but by action, who will rule over all things previously created (v 26). In the ancient Near East, the king was often called the image of the deity and was vested with God’s authority; royal language is here used for the human. Mesopotamian cosmogonies ordinarily portrayed humans as slaves.” NJBC – Genesis

I don’t disagree but that is not the totality of it for me as I think the objection Bill Arnold raises below in his Baker commentary is more significant and it also limits interpretation to historical-critical at the expense of canonical which gives a full doctrine of man:

On the basis of numerous parallels from both Egypt and Mesopotamia, it has become clear that the phrase is related to royal language, in which a king or pharaoh is the “image of (a) god.”66 Thus humans are created to function as the divine image through the exercise of “dominion” and “rule,” which of course is reinforced by the statement “and let them have dominion over . . . ” (v. 26). This statement in v. 26 should be interpreted as a purpose clause, expressing the motivation behind God’s creation of humans in his image: “in order that they may have dominion over . . . ”67 The image of God is about the exercise of rulership in the world. While it may be objected that an entire species of humans cannot stand in God’s place as an individual king, it seems likely that the office of God’s representative has been “democratized” in 1:26–27.68

I like Derek Kinder’s take in his Genesis Commentary:

  1. Let us make man. In both the opening chapters of Genesis man is portrayed as in nature and over it, continuous with it and discontinuous. He shares the sixth day with other creatures, is made of dust as they are (2:7, 19), feeds as they feed (1:29, 30) and reproduces with a blessing similar to theirs (1:22, 28a); so he can well be studied partly through the study of them: they are half his context. But the stress falls on his distinctness. Let us make stands in tacit contrast with ‘Let the earth bring forth’ (24); the note of self-communing and the impressive plural proclaim it a momentous step; and this done, the whole creation is complete. Vis-à-vis the animals man is set apart by his office (1:26b, 28b; 2:19; cf. Ps. 8:4–8; Jas 3:7) and still more by his nature (2:20); but his crowning glory is his relation to God.

The terms, in our image, after our likeness, are characteristically bold. If image seems too pictorial a word, there is the rest of Scripture to control it; but at a single stroke it imprints on the mind the central truth about us. The words image and likeness reinforce one another: there is no ‘and’ between the phrases, and Scripture does not use them as technically distinct expressions, as some theologians have done, whereby the ‘image’ is man’s indelible constitution as a rational and morally responsible being, and the ‘likeness’ is that spiritual accord with the will of God which was lost at the fall. The distinction exists, but it does not coincide with these terms. After the fall, man is still said to be in God’s image (Gen. 9:6) and likeness (Jas 3:9); nonetheless he requires to be ‘renewed … after the image of him that created him’ (Col. 3:10; cf. Eph. 4:24). See also 5:1, 3.

When we try to define the image of God, it is not enough to react against a crude literalism by isolating man’s mind and spirit from his body. The Bible makes man a unity: acting, thinking and feeling with his whole being. This living creature, then, and not some distillation from him, is an expression or transcription of the eternal, incorporeal creator in terms of temporal, bodily, creaturely existence – as one might attempt a transcription of, say, an epic into a sculpture, or a symphony into a sonnet. Likeness in this sense survived the fall, since it is structural. As long as we are human we are, by definition, in the image of God. But spiritual likeness – in a single word, love – can be present only where God and man are in fellowship; hence the fall destroyed it, and our redemption recreates and perfects it. ‘We are God’s children now … when he appears we shall be like him, for we shall see him as he is’ (1 John 3:2, RSV; cf. 4:12).

Another take that is certainly true as well:

David Wenham: rethinking Genesis

Man is created in the divine image, which means he is supposed to imitate God’s activity in certain respects, in this context most obviously by working for
six days and resting on the seventh. This is implicit in Genesis and explicit
in Exodus 20.

Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor
and do al your work. For in six days the LORD made heaven
and earth, the sea, and al that is in them, and rested the seventh
day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it
holy. (Exod 20:8, 9, 11)

The length of the Sabbath commandment, the longest of the Ten,
witnesses to the importance of the Sabbath in biblical thinking. Genesis
1underlines the significance of the Sabbath by showing how God created
the universe in six days and then rested. Indeed, one might describe Gen-
esis 1as an etiology of the Sabbath, i.e., an explanation of its origin and
significance.

But I think our capacity to love and reason is also part of the image of God. We are special in that regard. Why would we be appointed stewards otherwise?

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But you are implying with this statement that Open Theism posits that God is “just like a human”, which is not the case–it is a strawman. Allowing God to interact “in time” with other free will agents does give him the logical possibility of real relationship in a way that we humans understand it. But it need not assume that God is bound by time in all ways that we are, that his character is fickle and changeable like a humans, or that he does not know everything there is to know–open theism just claims that the nature of the future within the created world is not settled in all details.

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I have read about the claims that free will and all-knowing God are incompatible concepts. In a study course on the philosophy of religion we went through the basics of the 1000+ years long debate about this question. To make a long story short, I was astonished when I noted that the famous thinkers had not considered an obvious solution to the problem of free will and omniscient God.

All our philosophical speculations about God are necessarily incomplete because God is above our comprehension. Our hypotheses and theories may be close to truth or far from it and we probably will not know how close to the truth our speculations reach. Anyhow, what I wrote shows that it is possible to form an explanation that combines free will with omniscient, omnipotent God. Is it correct or not, that is another question.

An additional note is that I believe in restricted free will. We cannot choose freely whatever we want - if someone disagrees, please fetch a piece of the Moon to me without using space rockets. We have typically only very few alternatives to choose in a given moment. From this viewpoint, free will is like a path directed by restricted choices, rather than a possibility to choose whatever we want.

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Sure, but I would say this “restricted free will” is not really free in the sense needed for free choice-making at all. i.e., the mere fact that one can’t do anything possibly imaginable like grab rocks by hand off the moon is irrelevant except that it restricts the range of behaviours of material creatures in a material world. The concept does not give the ability to freely choose between alternatives, which is the definition of “libertarian free will” --how people usually conceive of “being free”.

In my experience and reading, when faced with the logical incompatibility between libertarian free will and foreknowledge this is exactly where reformed theologians end up. They play the “it just an unknowable mystery card”. Now…certainly the human mind can’t comprehend everything about God! that would be arrogant. But that doesn’t mean that one should default too quickly to “its just a mystery” and stop thinking? Rather, if there does seem to be a way to harmonize libertarian free will with the nature of the future and of God, and remains within the orthodox understanding of the nature of God, why not run with it? I don’t think God is intentionally out there to confuse us. In science, we usually go with the hypothesis that has greatest explanatory power.

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I agree that the definition of free will is important for the speculations.

I would argue that we can freely choose between alternatives, even if the number of alternatives is restricted.
For example, we are relatively free to choose whatever cereals we want from a shop but the number of alternatives is restricted by the choices of the shopkeeper and our choice is affected by our previous experiences, like what commercials we have seen.

We are never completely tabula rasa, free of the effects of our history. The choices of other people also affect our alternatives, as the choices of the shopkeeper in the example. Anyhow, within these limits, our choices can be free. That is what I call ‘restricted free will’. If that is not enough for ‘free will’ then the speculations about ‘free will’ are not very relevant for me or the reality.

I do not play the mystery card, I just acknowledge the possibility that my interpretation may be wrong. It is my current understanding and may be true. I can change my interpretation if someone can show that my current explanation is illogical.

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I’ve not read this particular book, but I’ve read a number of his articles. So I hope that I understand the gist of his argument. Let’s address a paper where he purports to refute the “God - the prisoner of time” argument:
Mullins R. T. 2014. “Doing Hard Time: Is God the Prisoner of the Oldest Dimension?” Journal of Analytic Theology 2: 160-185.

In this paper, his reasoning is entirely premised on an idea that time is not an aspect, a dimension of created reality. According to this point of view, time precedes creation; it is a concomitant of God.
Mullins (as well as the entire school of thought that he represents) has to admit that uncreated time before creation is very different from the time we know - that is, the time wherein we exist, that we can measure, and so forth. Before creation, “God exists in a temporal vacuum, or a ‘dead time’ where there is no intrinsic change” (Mullins 2014, 166).

So, the concept of a “dead time without intrinsic change” is not related to the world wherein we live. Why does the theologian promote it? He analyses the possible models of God existing timelessly before starting creation - and concludes that all these models are self-contradictory (Mullins R. T. 2020. “The Divine Timemaker”. Philosophia Christi 22 (2): 211-237). And certainly they are! This I admit eagerly.

But, IMO, it doesn’t mean that we should replace the concept of timeless God before creation with the concept of God in a dead time or something. The biblical concept of God before creation is the absence of such concept: the writers of the Bible don’t try to outline a “background” of God, to describe any divine “properties” before creation. If this “omission” is to teach us anything, it is that no preceding properties are material to divine creative act. They don’t determine or even influence what God intends to do and does. Divine action is absolutely free - and there is no other divine essence “behind” this absolutely free action. Any attempt to gaze beyond the absolutely free action that has been creating and sustaining the world is futile, any metaphysics that tries to grasp God before creation is superfluous.

Certainly, the absolute freedom of divine action is not arbitrariness. God is simultaneously the absolutely free action and the absolutely perfect Love. That’s how I prefer to put it (here again, I see no better choice but to cite my own paper instead of retelling it):

“… love doesn’t precede and predetermine God’s will. One should rather say that God’s will coincides with God’s love. Being completely free, God chooses to be the Father who renounces himself for the Son and the Son who creates by self-abasement in order to glorify the Father. Thus, God chooses to be the mutual Love of the Father and the Son that is also their common Activity, the common “breath” of the Father and the Son (this issue is discussed in the fourth section in greater detail). The world is created to express this Love and is embraced by it. Love doesn’t will to discontinue. Therefore, being Love, God doesn’t will to become anyone or anything else. This is the ground of God’s unwavering constancy.”

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Me too. For this reason I place the interesting discussions around determinism and free will and Open Theism in the “opinion” category as opposed to doctrine or dogma. That said…

But it is exactly your assertion there that philosophers (which I have read–and I admit I haven’t done a Ph.D. on the topic so am not the world’s expert) say is logically impossible and incompatible with an omnipotent creator-God that knows the future–knows the future of what he will create as a fully determined set of established facts. This is exactly where I see a partially open future, i.e. open theism, solving that logical conundrum. I say a “partially open future” because open theism does not deny that past history and prevailing conditions can affect the range of choices available to an actor. It only specifies that not aspects of the future are fully settled.

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Thanks for your response. I need time to read and digest your information better to see exactly where I agree and disagree. This would certainly be a great topic to discuss over a beverage some evening!
I find the topic very interesting but just have a lot on my plate at the moment—as a field biologist am spending large chunks of time in the field collecting data right now. And trying to juggle that with responding to comments from reviewers and editors on three papers in the works at the moment… eek… so my time at the computer, and the free space in my brain is limited at the moment. Hope to get back to it soon.

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Only if you’re thinking linearly, i.e. in one dimension, and possibly not even then; it may turn us into characters in a book we all write together.

Like my one professor said, “Creation is present tense”.

Yes, but the function of the image in an ancient near eastern temple was to so portray the deity that it represented the deity sufficiently for the deity to be known from the image. So there have to be enough similarities that when humans are regarded God can be somewhat known.

My older brother the mathematician calls those philosophers “mathematically deficient” and says they should take advanced set theory and n-dimensional geometry before speaking further on the matter. As I understand it it’s a matter of multiple dimensions and the resultant degrees of freedom.

Apparent anthropomorphisms have to be treated with care!

I heard this used to argue that there’s no such thing as a free market because we can only choose from what is on the shelf. My first thought was how similar that is to the free will issue.

Nice point.

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Incorrect. This has absolutely NOTHING to do with it. Physicists are good at thinking in many dimensions. And with general relativity they have abandoned the notion of absolute time and thus they think well outside that particular box as well.

This is just incoherent. You can only write the book together if it is not already written. Otherwise it is just play acting according to a script. That is not writing the story – no way, no how.

I suppose the question is… when you talk about God are you talking about God involved in the world or you talking about God after it is all written. The latter is no different than claiming you know the future because you are speaking of yourself after everything has already been decided. So the point is that if you write the story together with God, the God you are writing it with doesn’t know what is going to happen because He hasn’t written it with you yet. Why you want to talk about God in such an abstract way apart from the God involved in the world and in a relationship with you, writing things together, I have no idea. Seems pointless to me.

Maybe my faint memories of what Open Theism is have been somewhat twisted. The emphasis seems to vary between advocates of Open Theism, some stressing that God does not know the future because there is no future before the progress of time and the actions of free agents have created it. Because of this, God can only try to deduce what will happen and like a perfect chess player, be ready to whatever moves the other players will do.

The partially open future you described seems to stress the uncertainty (openness) of future because a free agent may freely choose between several alternatives. This idea may be more open to the possibility that there is already a dimension of time that extends to the future, and God could know something about the future.

I agree that free will necessarily bring openness to the picture, in the sense that the future cannot be a fully determined set of established facts. There is a possibility of God knowing but not God dictating everything before we are born. In this respect, I may be some sort of open theist, although I have not classified myself as an open theist.

What I argue is that this openness of future does not exclude the possibility that God can know all our choices before we have done any. I believe that God is not tied to the time He created in the same sense as the created entities. That would mean that for God, the future already exists but our freely made choices will modify the trajectory of events that will happen in the future.

As we have been given a free will, God can inform to us what will happen if we continue on the route we have chosen and at the same time, this information is conditional; our future will change if we choose another alternative. For example, in 1 Samuel 23:12 David was in the town of Keilah and asked from God: “Will the citizens of Keilah hand me and my men over to Saul”, yes or no?. The answer was ‘yes’ and David left Keilah with his men, changing their potential future. Although God had answered ‘yes’, I do not think that the decision of David was a surprise to God.

An important point in God knowing our future is that God can prepare in advance tailored answers and solutions to the problems we will face in the future. When something happens, God knew it and He has already prepared an answer to our prayers before we see what happens and start to pray. God may also decide to answer ‘no’ to our prayers because He knows something about the future that will make the ‘no’ the best possible answer. This is of course a matter of faith.

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Thou shalt not make a graven image of God.

We had netter destroy every statue or even picture of a human being then.

Richard

What is the similarity between God and humans? What makes humans suitable for being the image of God?

As God is a spirit, I do not think that the similarity is something physical (physical image). I assume that it is not that we have the same feelings as God has (emotional image). Maybe it has something to do with our behavioral side. If we let the Holy Spirit guide our lives, our acts and words may start to reflect God towards the creation.

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It’s possible to believe the future is Is genuinely affected by your actions without believing it is unknown to God

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The problem being that we are bound to time and cannot really conceive the dynamics of an existence without that constraint.

Richard

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I don’t see the connection to my comment, but I can respond by saying that we can and cannot conceive it. The unobservable nature of an uncaused cause would be one type of genuine knowledge.

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Just because we do not know how something occurred does not mean it is uncaused.

vanity, vanity.

Richard

My evangelical friends like to follow Hugh Ross in thinking of God as having “extra dimensions” of time.

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